Understanding Early and Comprehensive Orthodontic Strategies

Understanding Early and Comprehensive Orthodontic Strategies

Importance of Early Orthodontic Evaluation

The importance of early orthodontic evaluation cannot be overstated when discussing comprehensive orthodontic strategies.

Understanding Early and Comprehensive Orthodontic Strategies - malocclusion

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As parents, guardians, and caregivers, ensuring the health and well-being of our children is a top priority, and dental health plays a crucial role in their overall development. The field of orthodontics has evolved significantly over the years, providing us with the tools and knowledge to address potential dental issues before they become more complex problems.


Early orthodontic evaluation typically begins around the age of seven. At this stage, a child's mouth is still developing, and permanent teeth are starting to emerge. This period provides a critical window for orthodontists to identify any irregularities or misalignments that may require intervention. By conducting an assessment at such an early age, orthodontists can devise strategic plans that guide proper dental development and prevent future complications.


One of the primary benefits of early evaluation is the opportunity for timely intervention. Orthodontists specialize in correcting dental irregularities in kids Child-friendly orthodontic solutions deciduous teeth. Detecting problems like crowding, crossbites, open bites, or protruding teeth early on allows for less invasive treatments that can effectively guide jaw growth and regulate tooth eruption. For instance, interceptive measures might include palatal expanders or partial braces designed to correct alignment issues as they develop rather than waiting until adolescence when treatment could become more extensive and costly.


Moreover, addressing these concerns early can have significant psychological benefits for children. Dental issues often impact self-esteem and confidence during formative years when social interactions are vital for emotional growth. Early intervention helps ensure that children maintain healthy smiles which boost their self-assurance in social settings.


In addition to psychological benefits, there are long-term health advantages associated with early evaluations. Proper alignment leads to better oral hygiene since straightened teeth are easier to clean effectively. This reduces the risk of decay and gum disease later in life-conditions closely linked with other serious health challenges such as heart disease or diabetes.


It's also essential to highlight that not every child evaluated at an early age will need immediate treatment; however, having a professional monitor their growth pattern ensures any necessary actions are taken promptly if problems arise.


Ultimately, understanding the importance of early orthodontic evaluation encourages proactive steps towards achieving optimal oral health from childhood through adulthood. It sets a foundation upon which comprehensive orthodontic strategies can be built-strategies tailored specifically to each individual's needs ensuring both functional efficiency and aesthetic satisfaction throughout their life journey.


By recognizing this importance collectively-as parents alongside healthcare professionals-we empower ourselves with knowledge capable not only transforming smiles but enhancing lives holistically through informed decisions made at the right time: beginning with those first crucial evaluations in youth's tender yet transformative years.

Understanding early orthodontic strategies is crucial for addressing common orthodontic issues in children. These issues, if identified and managed promptly, can prevent more severe dental problems as the child grows. Common orthodontic concerns include malocclusion, crowding of teeth, protruding front teeth, and incorrect jaw alignment. Each of these problems can have significant implications not only on a child's oral health but also on their overall well-being.


Malocclusion refers to misalignment between the upper and lower teeth when the jaws are closed. This condition can lead to difficulties in chewing and speaking, as well as increased risk of tooth decay and gum disease due to improper cleaning caused by overlapping or crooked teeth. Crowding occurs when there is insufficient space in the mouth for all the teeth to fit properly; this is often one of the first signs that a child may need orthodontic intervention.


Protruding front teeth are another common issue that poses risks such as injury during physical activities or accidents due to their vulnerability. Incorrect jaw alignment, often manifesting as an overbite or underbite, can affect a child's facial symmetry and self-esteem in addition to causing functional problems like speech impediments.


Early detection through regular dental check-ups allows orthodontists to implement comprehensive strategies tailored specifically for young patients. Early intervention might involve the use of braces, retainers, or other appliances designed to guide teeth into proper positions as they grow. By addressing these issues at a young age, treatment tends to be more effective and less invasive compared to waiting until adulthood.


Moreover, early orthodontic assessment provides an opportunity for preventive care-guiding jaw growth and regulating width of dental arches-which minimizes future complications. It also helps in preserving space for unerupted permanent teeth while reducing likelihood of impacted teeth.


Beyond physical benefits, resolving orthodontic issues early can significantly boost a child's confidence and quality of life by improving their smile aesthetics and eliminating any social anxiety related to appearance or speech difficulties.

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Parents play a vital role in this process by ensuring regular visits to both general dentists and specialists who can monitor their child's oral development closely.


In conclusion, understanding early orthodontic strategies is essential for effectively managing common dental issues among children. Such proactive measures not only safeguard oral health but also contribute positively towards long-term emotional well-being by fostering a healthy smile that lasts into adulthood.

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Understanding the differences between early and comprehensive orthodontics

Understanding the differences between early and comprehensive orthodontics

Orthodontics is a specialized branch of dentistry that focuses on diagnosing, preventing, and correcting misaligned teeth and jaws.. While the goal remains consistent—to achieve optimal dental health and aesthetics—the approach can vary significantly depending on whether treatment begins early in life or later during adolescence or adulthood.

Posted by on 2025-02-09

Benefits of starting orthodontic treatment early

Benefits of starting orthodontic treatment early

Orthodontic treatment is often considered a rite of passage for many adolescents, marking a transition towards achieving that perfect smile.. Yet, the timing of orthodontic intervention can significantly influence not only the health and aesthetics of one's teeth but also the financial implications involved.

Posted by on 2025-02-09

The role of early orthodontics in guiding jaw and teeth development

The role of early orthodontics in guiding jaw and teeth development

In recent years, the field of pediatric orthodontics has seen remarkable advancements, driven by a deeper understanding of dental development and innovative technologies.. One of the critical areas where these developments have been most impactful is in early orthodontic intervention to guide jaw and teeth development.

Posted by on 2025-02-09

Correcting overbites and underbites in young patients

Correcting overbites and underbites in young patients

Educating families about the signs, risks, and treatment options for malocclusions is a crucial step in addressing overbites and underbites in young patients.. As parents or guardians, understanding these dental issues is vital to ensuring the well-being and proper development of a child's oral health. Malocclusions, or misalignments of the teeth and jaws, often manifest as overbites or underbites.

Posted by on 2025-02-09

Benefits of Early Intervention in Orthodontics

Early intervention in orthodontics is a proactive approach that focuses on identifying and addressing dental irregularities at an early age. This strategy, often referred to as interceptive orthodontics, can significantly impact the long-term dental health of children and adolescents. By understanding the benefits of early intervention, parents and guardians can make informed decisions about their child's orthodontic care.


One of the primary advantages of early orthodontic intervention is the ability to guide jaw growth. During childhood, bones are still developing and more malleable, which makes it easier for orthodontists to influence their growth patterns. Correcting jaw discrepancies during these formative years can prevent more severe issues from developing later in life. For instance, addressing an underbite or overbite early on can reduce the need for complex procedures such as surgery or tooth extractions in the future.


Additionally, early intervention allows for better management of space within the mouth as permanent teeth begin to emerge. Children may experience crowding due to a lack of space for new teeth. By intervening at an early stage, orthodontists can create sufficient room for incoming teeth through techniques such as palate expanders or partial braces. This not only ensures a straighter smile but also helps in maintaining proper oral hygiene by making it easier to clean between teeth.


Another significant benefit is the improvement of self-esteem and confidence in young patients. Dental issues such as protruding teeth or significant gaps can lead to self-consciousness and social anxiety among children. Early correction helps enhance their appearance and boosts their confidence during critical developmental years when they are forming friendships and establishing their identities.


Early intervention also reduces treatment time if braces are needed later on. By correcting certain issues beforehand, subsequent treatments become less extensive and shorter in duration, resulting in fewer visits to the orthodontist's office and lower overall costs.


Furthermore, addressing dental problems early can improve overall oral health by reducing risks associated with misaligned bites, such as excessive wear on enamel or difficulty chewing food properly. A well-aligned bite facilitates effective functioning of the jaw joint (temporomandibular joint), thereby preventing related disorders that could manifest as chronic pain or discomfort.


In conclusion, understanding comprehensive orthodontic strategies involves recognizing the multitude of benefits associated with early intervention. From promoting optimal jaw development and managing dental spacing effectively to enhancing emotional well-being and reducing treatment duration - these interventions lay a solid foundation for lifelong oral health while simultaneously boosting confidence levels among young individuals embarking on life's various stages with beautiful smiles leading them forward confidently into adulthood without apprehension towards future complexities arising out otherwise unaddressed earlier concerns!

Benefits of Early Intervention in Orthodontics

Overview of Comprehensive Orthodontic Strategies

Understanding early and comprehensive orthodontic strategies is crucial for ensuring optimal dental health and aesthetics. Orthodontics, a specialized branch of dentistry, focuses on diagnosing, preventing, and correcting misaligned teeth and jaws. Over the years, the field has evolved significantly to encompass a broad range of techniques tailored to meet the unique needs of patients at different stages of their lives. Early intervention, combined with comprehensive treatment plans, offers numerous benefits that can lead to more effective outcomes.


Early orthodontic strategies primarily target young children who are still in their developmental phases. The objective here is to identify potential issues before they become more severe problems later on. This proactive approach not only minimizes the risk of complicated treatments in the future but also aids in guiding proper jaw growth and eruption patterns of permanent teeth. By implementing appliances such as expanders or space maintainers during childhood, orthodontists can correct bite issues and guide teeth into their appropriate positions efficiently.


Comprehensive orthodontic strategies extend beyond early intervention to address a wider spectrum of dental concerns across various age groups. For adolescents and adults who may have missed early treatment opportunities or require additional correction, these strategies offer holistic solutions that incorporate modern advancements in technology and methodology. Traditional braces remain a popular option due to their effectiveness in treating complex cases involving significant misalignments or bite irregularities. However, with technological progressions like clear aligners and lingual braces-both providing more discreet alternatives-patients now have choices that cater to both functional needs and aesthetic preferences.


Moreover, comprehensive approaches often involve interdisciplinary collaborations among various dental professionals to ensure all facets of oral health are addressed comprehensively. Such cooperation might include periodontists for gum health or maxillofacial surgeons for corrective jaw surgery when necessary.


Ultimately, understanding these orthodontic strategies involves recognizing the importance of personalized care plans tailored to individual needs. With careful assessment and strategic planning, orthodontists can devise treatments that not only improve dental alignment but also enhance overall oral health-a critical aspect that contributes significantly to one's confidence and quality of life.


In conclusion, embracing both early interventions and comprehensive orthodontic strategies provides an invaluable framework for achieving long-term oral health benefits. By aligning treatment options with patient-specific requirements while leveraging modern technologies, orthodontics continues its pivotal role in fostering healthy smiles across generations.

Role of Technology in Modern Pediatric Orthodontics

The role of technology in modern pediatric orthodontics is a transformative force, reshaping the way orthodontic care is delivered and understood. As we delve into early and comprehensive orthodontic strategies, it becomes evident that technological advancements are not just supplementary tools but integral components of effective treatment plans.


Traditionally, orthodontics relied heavily on manual processes and diagnostic methods that involved physical molds and two-dimensional imaging. However, with the advent of digital technology, this landscape has undergone a significant evolution. One of the most impactful innovations is the use of 3D imaging technologies such as Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT), which offers detailed visualizations of a child's craniofacial structure. This level of detail allows for more precise diagnosis and treatment planning, enabling orthodontists to detect issues at an earlier stage than ever before.


Early intervention is a cornerstone of pediatric orthodontics, aiming to address developmental issues before they necessitate more invasive treatments in adolescence or adulthood. Technology plays a pivotal role here by providing accurate data that can be used to create personalized treatment plans tailored to the unique anatomical features of each child. Digital models allow for simulations that predict how teeth will move over time, helping both practitioners and parents understand potential outcomes and make informed decisions.


Moreover, the development of digital intraoral scanners has revolutionized how impressions are taken. These scanners eliminate the need for uncomfortable molds traditionally used to capture dental arches' impressions.

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This advancement not only enhances patient comfort-especially critical when dealing with young children-but also improves accuracy and efficiency in creating appliances like braces or aligners.


Aligners themselves represent another leap forward facilitated by technology. Unlike traditional braces, clear aligners can be designed using computer-aided design (CAD) software to fit precisely over teeth while exerting gentle pressure to guide them into their desired positions. The customization possible through CAD ensures that treatments are as efficient as possible while maintaining aesthetic appeal-a significant consideration for many young patients today.


Additionally, teleorthodontics is gaining traction as an invaluable resource in pediatric care. Virtual consultations allow for continuous monitoring without frequent in-office visits, making ongoing assessments convenient for families who might otherwise face logistical challenges due to distance or busy schedules. These virtual platforms often incorporate artificial intelligence algorithms capable of tracking progress through photos uploaded by patients or guardians.


In conclusion, the integration of technology into modern pediatric orthodontics has opened new avenues for early intervention and comprehensive care strategies that were previously unimaginable. These tools not only enhance precision but also improve patient experience by reducing discomfort and increasing accessibility to high-quality care. As technology continues to advance, its role will undoubtedly expand further-potentially introducing even more innovative approaches that ensure optimal oral health outcomes from childhood onward.

Tips for Parents: Ensuring Successful Orthodontic Outcomes for Children

Ensuring that children achieve successful orthodontic outcomes involves more than just selecting the right braces or aligners; it requires a comprehensive understanding of the strategies available and active parental involvement. As parents, guiding your child through their orthodontic journey can be both rewarding and challenging. Here are some essential tips to help ensure that your child not only achieves a beautiful smile but also enjoys optimal oral health for years to come.


First and foremost, understanding the importance of early orthodontic evaluation is crucial. The American Association of Orthodontists recommends that children have their first orthodontic check-up by age seven. At this stage, an orthodontist can identify potential issues with tooth development and jaw growth. Early detection allows for timely intervention, which can simplify future treatments or even prevent more serious complications down the line.


Once an evaluation has been conducted, it's important to familiarize yourself with both early intervention strategies and comprehensive treatment plans. Early intervention might include options such as palatal expanders or limited braces designed to correct specific problems before they become more complex. Comprehensive treatment typically begins in adolescence when most permanent teeth have erupted, allowing for full correction of alignment and bite issues.


Collaboration between parents, orthodontists, and children is key to ensuring successful outcomes. Attending consultations together helps children feel involved in their own treatment process while also fostering open communication with the orthodontist about any concerns or questions you might have. This collaborative approach ensures that everyone is on the same page regarding treatment goals and progress.


Maintaining excellent oral hygiene throughout the treatment process cannot be overstated. Braces and other orthodontic appliances create additional nooks where food particles can get trapped, leading to plaque buildup if not properly cleaned. Parents should encourage diligent brushing and flossing habits in their children while providing guidance on how to clean around brackets and wires effectively.


Dietary considerations are another aspect where parental guidance plays a significant role. Hard foods like nuts or sticky candies can damage braces, prolonging treatment time or affecting results. Encouraging a diet that supports good dental health while avoiding problematic foods will help keep your child's treatment on track.


Regular follow-up appointments are essential for monitoring progress and making necessary adjustments to appliances. Ensuring your child attends these appointments punctually helps maintain momentum toward achieving desired outcomes within expected timelines.


Finally, instilling patience and positivity throughout this journey is invaluable. Orthodontic treatments can last several months to years depending on individual cases, so encouraging your child by celebrating small milestones along the way can make the experience more enjoyable for them.


In conclusion, successful orthodontic outcomes stem from early detection, informed decision-making about treatment options, consistent care practices at home, active engagement during appointments, mindful dietary choices, and fostering a supportive environment for your child throughout their orthodontic journey. By following these strategies diligently as parents, you set the stage for not only achieving straight teeth but nurturing lifelong oral health habits in your child's life ahead.

A health professional, healthcare professional, or healthcare worker (sometimes abbreviated HCW)[1] is a provider of health care treatment and advice based on formal training and experience. The field includes those who work as a nurse, physician (such as family physician, internist, obstetrician, psychiatrist, radiologist, surgeon etc.), physician assistant, registered dietitian, veterinarian, veterinary technician, optometrist, pharmacist, pharmacy technician, medical assistant, physical therapist, occupational therapist, dentist, midwife, psychologist, audiologist, or healthcare scientist, or who perform services in allied health professions. Experts in public health and community health are also health professionals.

Fields

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NY College of Health Professions massage therapy class
US Navy doctors deliver a healthy baby
70% of global health and social care workers are women, 30% of leaders in the global health sector are women

The healthcare workforce comprises a wide variety of professions and occupations who provide some type of healthcare service, including such direct care practitioners as physicians, nurse practitioners, physician assistants, nurses, respiratory therapists, dentists, pharmacists, speech-language pathologist, physical therapists, occupational therapists, physical and behavior therapists, as well as allied health professionals such as phlebotomists, medical laboratory scientists, dieticians, and social workers. They often work in hospitals, healthcare centers and other service delivery points, but also in academic training, research, and administration. Some provide care and treatment services for patients in private homes. Many countries have a large number of community health workers who work outside formal healthcare institutions. Managers of healthcare services, health information technicians, and other assistive personnel and support workers are also considered a vital part of health care teams.[2]

Healthcare practitioners are commonly grouped into health professions. Within each field of expertise, practitioners are often classified according to skill level and skill specialization. "Health professionals" are highly skilled workers, in professions that usually require extensive knowledge including university-level study leading to the award of a first degree or higher qualification.[3] This category includes physicians, physician assistants, registered nurses, veterinarians, veterinary technicians, veterinary assistants, dentists, midwives, radiographers, pharmacists, physiotherapists, optometrists, operating department practitioners and others. Allied health professionals, also referred to as "health associate professionals" in the International Standard Classification of Occupations, support implementation of health care, treatment and referral plans usually established by medical, nursing, respiratory care, and other health professionals, and usually require formal qualifications to practice their profession. In addition, unlicensed assistive personnel assist with providing health care services as permitted.[citation needed]

Another way to categorize healthcare practitioners is according to the sub-field in which they practice, such as mental health care, pregnancy and childbirth care, surgical care, rehabilitation care, or public health.[citation needed]

Mental health

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A mental health professional is a health worker who offers services to improve the mental health of individuals or treat mental illness. These include psychiatrists, psychiatry physician assistants, clinical, counseling, and school psychologists, occupational therapists, clinical social workers, psychiatric-mental health nurse practitioners, marriage and family therapists, mental health counselors, as well as other health professionals and allied health professions. These health care providers often deal with the same illnesses, disorders, conditions, and issues; however, their scope of practice often differs. The most significant difference across categories of mental health practitioners is education and training.[4] There are many damaging effects to the health care workers. Many have had diverse negative psychological symptoms ranging from emotional trauma to very severe anxiety. Health care workers have not been treated right and because of that their mental, physical, and emotional health has been affected by it. The SAGE author's said that there were 94% of nurses that had experienced at least one PTSD after the traumatic experience. Others have experienced nightmares, flashbacks, and short and long term emotional reactions.[5] The abuse is causing detrimental effects on these health care workers. Violence is causing health care workers to have a negative attitude toward work tasks and patients, and because of that they are "feeling pressured to accept the order, dispense a product, or administer a medication".[6] Sometimes it can range from verbal to sexual to physical harassment, whether the abuser is a patient, patient's families, physician, supervisors, or nurses.[citation needed]

Obstetrics

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A maternal and newborn health practitioner is a health care expert who deals with the care of women and their children before, during and after pregnancy and childbirth. Such health practitioners include obstetricians, physician assistants, midwives, obstetrical nurses and many others. One of the main differences between these professions is in the training and authority to provide surgical services and other life-saving interventions.[7] In some developing countries, traditional birth attendants, or traditional midwives, are the primary source of pregnancy and childbirth care for many women and families, although they are not certified or licensed. According to research, rates for unhappiness among obstetrician-gynecologists (Ob-Gyns) range somewhere between 40 and 75 percent.[8]

Geriatrics

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A geriatric care practitioner plans and coordinates the care of the elderly and/or disabled to promote their health, improve their quality of life, and maintain their independence for as long as possible.[9] They include geriatricians, occupational therapists, physician assistants, adult-gerontology nurse practitioners, clinical nurse specialists, geriatric clinical pharmacists, geriatric nurses, geriatric care managers, geriatric aides, nursing aides, caregivers and others who focus on the health and psychological care needs of older adults.[citation needed]

Surgery

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A surgical practitioner is a healthcare professional and expert who specializes in the planning and delivery of a patient's perioperative care, including during the anaesthetic, surgical and recovery stages. They may include general and specialist surgeons, physician assistants, assistant surgeons, surgical assistants, veterinary surgeons, veterinary technicians. anesthesiologists, anesthesiologist assistants, nurse anesthetists, surgical nurses, clinical officers, operating department practitioners, anaesthetic technicians, perioperative nurses, surgical technologists, and others.[citation needed]

Rehabilitation

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A rehabilitation care practitioner is a health worker who provides care and treatment which aims to enhance and restore functional ability and quality of life to those with physical impairments or disabilities. These include physiatrists, physician assistants, rehabilitation nurses, clinical nurse specialists, nurse practitioners, physiotherapists, chiropractors, orthotists, prosthetists, occupational therapists, recreational therapists, audiologists, speech and language pathologists, respiratory therapists, rehabilitation counsellors, physical rehabilitation therapists, athletic trainers, physiotherapy technicians, orthotic technicians, prosthetic technicians, personal care assistants, and others.[10]

Optometry

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Optometry is a field traditionally associated with the correction of refractive errors using glasses or contact lenses, and treating eye diseases. Optometrists also provide general eye care, including screening exams for glaucoma and diabetic retinopathy and management of routine or eye conditions. Optometrists may also undergo further training in order to specialize in various fields, including glaucoma, medical retina, low vision, or paediatrics. In some countries, such as the United Kingdom, United States, and Canada, Optometrists may also undergo further training in order to be able to perform some surgical procedures.

Diagnostics

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Medical diagnosis providers are health workers responsible for the process of determining which disease or condition explains a person's symptoms and signs. It is most often referred to as diagnosis with the medical context being implicit. This usually involves a team of healthcare providers in various diagnostic units. These include radiographers, radiologists, Sonographers, medical laboratory scientists, pathologists, and related professionals.[citation needed]

Dentistry

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Dental assistant on the right supporting a dental operator on the left, during a procedure.

A dental care practitioner is a health worker and expert who provides care and treatment to promote and restore oral health. These include dentists and dental surgeons, dental assistants, dental auxiliaries, dental hygienists, dental nurses, dental technicians, dental therapists or oral health therapists, and related professionals.

Podiatry

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Care and treatment for the foot, ankle, and lower leg may be delivered by podiatrists, chiropodists, pedorthists, foot health practitioners, podiatric medical assistants, podiatric nurse and others.

Public health

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A public health practitioner focuses on improving health among individuals, families and communities through the prevention and treatment of diseases and injuries, surveillance of cases, and promotion of healthy behaviors. This category includes community and preventive medicine specialists, physician assistants, public health nurses, pharmacist, clinical nurse specialists, dietitians, environmental health officers (public health inspectors), paramedics, epidemiologists, public health dentists, and others.[citation needed]

Alternative medicine

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In many societies, practitioners of alternative medicine have contact with a significant number of people, either as integrated within or remaining outside the formal health care system. These include practitioners in acupuncture, Ayurveda, herbalism, homeopathy, naturopathy, Reiki, Shamballa Reiki energy healing Archived 2021-01-25 at the Wayback Machine, Siddha medicine, traditional Chinese medicine, traditional Korean medicine, Unani, and Yoga. In some countries such as Canada, chiropractors and osteopaths (not to be confused with doctors of osteopathic medicine in the United States) are considered alternative medicine practitioners.

Occupational hazards

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A healthcare professional wears an air sampling device to investigate exposure to airborne influenza
A video describing the Occupational Health and Safety Network, a tool for monitoring occupational hazards to health care workers

The healthcare workforce faces unique health and safety challenges and is recognized by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) as a priority industry sector in the National Occupational Research Agenda (NORA) to identify and provide intervention strategies regarding occupational health and safety issues.[11]

Biological hazards

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Exposure to respiratory infectious diseases like tuberculosis (caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis) and influenza can be reduced with the use of respirators; this exposure is a significant occupational hazard for health care professionals.[12] Healthcare workers are also at risk for diseases that are contracted through extended contact with a patient, including scabies.[13] Health professionals are also at risk for contracting blood-borne diseases like hepatitis B, hepatitis C, and HIV/AIDS through needlestick injuries or contact with bodily fluids.[14][15] This risk can be mitigated with vaccination when there is a vaccine available, like with hepatitis B.[15] In epidemic situations, such as the 2014-2016 West African Ebola virus epidemic or the 2003 SARS outbreak, healthcare workers are at even greater risk, and were disproportionately affected in both the Ebola and SARS outbreaks.[16]

In general, appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE) is the first-line mode of protection for healthcare workers from infectious diseases. For it to be effective against highly contagious diseases, personal protective equipment must be watertight and prevent the skin and mucous membranes from contacting infectious material. Different levels of personal protective equipment created to unique standards are used in situations where the risk of infection is different. Practices such as triple gloving and multiple respirators do not provide a higher level of protection and present a burden to the worker, who is additionally at increased risk of exposure when removing the PPE. Compliance with appropriate personal protective equipment rules may be difficult in certain situations, such as tropical environments or low-resource settings. A 2020 Cochrane systematic review found low-quality evidence that using more breathable fabric in PPE, double gloving, and active training reduce the risk of contamination but that more randomized controlled trials are needed for how best to train healthcare workers in proper PPE use.[16]

Tuberculosis screening, testing, and education

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Based on recommendations from The United States Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) for TB screening and testing the following best practices should be followed when hiring and employing Health Care Personnel.[17]

When hiring Health Care Personnel, the applicant should complete the following:[18] a TB risk assessment,[19] a TB symptom evaluation for at least those listed on the Signs & Symptoms page,[20] a TB test in accordance with the guidelines for Testing for TB Infection,[21] and additional evaluation for TB disease as needed (e.g. chest x-ray for HCP with a positive TB test)[18] The CDC recommends either a blood test, also known as an interferon-gamma release assay (IGRA), or a skin test, also known as a Mantoux tuberculin skin test (TST).[21] A TB blood test for baseline testing does not require two-step testing. If the skin test method is used to test HCP upon hire, then two-step testing should be used. A one-step test is not recommended.[18]

The CDC has outlined further specifics on recommended testing for several scenarios.[22] In summary:

  1. Previous documented positive skin test (TST) then a further TST is not recommended
  2. Previous documented negative TST within 12 months before employment OR at least two documented negative TSTs ever then a single TST is recommended
  3. All other scenarios, with the exception of programs using blood tests, the recommended testing is a two-step TST

According to these recommended testing guidelines any two negative TST results within 12 months of each other constitute a two-step TST.

For annual screening, testing, and education, the only recurring requirement for all HCP is to receive TB education annually.[18] While the CDC offers education materials, there is not a well defined requirement as to what constitutes a satisfactory annual education. Annual TB testing is no longer recommended unless there is a known exposure or ongoing transmission at a healthcare facility. Should an HCP be considered at increased occupational risk for TB annual screening may be considered. For HCP with a documented history of a positive TB test result do not need to be re-tested but should instead complete a TB symptom evaluation. It is assumed that any HCP who has undergone a chest x-ray test has had a previous positive test result. When considering mental health you may see your doctor to be evaluated at your digression. It is recommended to see someone at least once a year in order to make sure that there has not been any sudden changes.[23]

Psychosocial hazards

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Occupational stress and occupational burnout are highly prevalent among health professionals.[24] Some studies suggest that workplace stress is pervasive in the health care industry because of inadequate staffing levels, long work hours, exposure to infectious diseases and hazardous substances leading to illness or death, and in some countries threat of malpractice litigation. Other stressors include the emotional labor of caring for ill people and high patient loads. The consequences of this stress can include substance abuse, suicide, major depressive disorder, and anxiety, all of which occur at higher rates in health professionals than the general working population. Elevated levels of stress are also linked to high rates of burnout, absenteeism and diagnostic errors, and reduced rates of patient satisfaction.[25] In Canada, a national report (Canada's Health Care Providers) also indicated higher rates of absenteeism due to illness or disability among health care workers compared to the rest of the working population, although those working in health care reported similar levels of good health and fewer reports of being injured at work.[26]

There is some evidence that cognitive-behavioral therapy, relaxation training and therapy (including meditation and massage), and modifying schedules can reduce stress and burnout among multiple sectors of health care providers. Research is ongoing in this area, especially with regards to physicians, whose occupational stress and burnout is less researched compared to other health professions.[27]

Healthcare workers are at higher risk of on-the-job injury due to violence. Drunk, confused, and hostile patients and visitors are a continual threat to providers attempting to treat patients. Frequently, assault and violence in a healthcare setting goes unreported and is wrongly assumed to be part of the job.[28] Violent incidents typically occur during one-on-one care; being alone with patients increases healthcare workers' risk of assault.[29] In the United States, healthcare workers experience 23 of nonfatal workplace violence incidents.[28] Psychiatric units represent the highest proportion of violent incidents, at 40%; they are followed by geriatric units (20%) and the emergency department (10%). Workplace violence can also cause psychological trauma.[29]

Health care professionals are also likely to experience sleep deprivation due to their jobs. Many health care professionals are on a shift work schedule, and therefore experience misalignment of their work schedule and their circadian rhythm. In 2007, 32% of healthcare workers were found to get fewer than 6 hours of sleep a night. Sleep deprivation also predisposes healthcare professionals to make mistakes that may potentially endanger a patient.[30]

COVID pandemic

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Especially in times like the present (2020), the hazards of health professional stem into the mental health. Research from the last few months highlights that COVID-19 has contributed greatly  to the degradation of mental health in healthcare providers. This includes, but is not limited to, anxiety, depression/burnout, and insomnia.[citation needed]

A study done by Di Mattei et al. (2020) revealed that 12.63% of COVID nurses and 16.28% of other COVID healthcare workers reported extremely severe anxiety symptoms at the peak of the pandemic.[31] In addition, another study was conducted on 1,448 full time employees in Japan. The participants were surveyed at baseline in March 2020 and then again in May 2020. The result of the study showed that psychological distress and anxiety had increased more among healthcare workers during the COVID-19 outbreak.[32]

Similarly, studies have also shown that following the pandemic, at least one in five healthcare professionals report symptoms of anxiety.[33] Specifically, the aspect of "anxiety was assessed in 12 studies, with a pooled prevalence of 23.2%" following COVID.[33] When considering all 1,448 participants that percentage makes up about 335 people.

Abuse by patients

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  • The patients are selecting victims who are more vulnerable. For example, Cho said that these would be the nurses that are lacking experience or trying to get used to their new roles at work.[34]
  • Others authors that agree with this are Vento, Cainelli, & Vallone and they said that, the reason patients have caused danger to health care workers is because of insufficient communication between them, long waiting lines, and overcrowding in waiting areas.[35] When patients are intrusive and/or violent toward the faculty, this makes the staff question what they should do about taking care of a patient.
  • There have been many incidents from patients that have really caused some health care workers to be traumatized and have so much self doubt. Goldblatt and other authors  said that there was a lady who was giving birth, her husband said, "Who is in charge around here"? "Who are these sluts you employ here".[5]  This was very avoidable to have been said to the people who are taking care of your wife and child.

Physical and chemical hazards

[edit]

Slips, trips, and falls are the second-most common cause of worker's compensation claims in the US and cause 21% of work absences due to injury. These injuries most commonly result in strains and sprains; women, those older than 45, and those who have been working less than a year in a healthcare setting are at the highest risk.[36]

An epidemiological study published in 2018 examined the hearing status of noise-exposed health care and social assistance (HSA) workers sector to estimate and compare the prevalence of hearing loss by subsector within the sector. Most of the HSA subsector prevalence estimates ranged from 14% to 18%, but the Medical and Diagnostic Laboratories subsector had 31% prevalence and the Offices of All Other Miscellaneous Health Practitioners had a 24% prevalence. The Child Day Care Services subsector also had a 52% higher risk than the reference industry.[37]

Exposure to hazardous drugs, including those for chemotherapy, is another potential occupational risk. These drugs can cause cancer and other health conditions.[38]

Gender factors

[edit]

Female health care workers may face specific types of workplace-related health conditions and stress. According to the World Health Organization, women predominate in the formal health workforce in many countries and are prone to musculoskeletal injury (caused by physically demanding job tasks such as lifting and moving patients) and burnout. Female health workers are exposed to hazardous drugs and chemicals in the workplace which may cause adverse reproductive outcomes such as spontaneous abortion and congenital malformations. In some contexts, female health workers are also subject to gender-based violence from coworkers and patients.[39][40]

 

Workforce shortages

[edit]

Many jurisdictions report shortfalls in the number of trained health human resources to meet population health needs and/or service delivery targets, especially in medically underserved areas. For example, in the United States, the 2010 federal budget invested $330 million to increase the number of physicians, physician assistants, nurse practitioners, nurses, and dentists practicing in areas of the country experiencing shortages of trained health professionals. The Budget expands loan repayment programs for physicians, nurses, and dentists who agree to practice in medically underserved areas. This funding will enhance the capacity of nursing schools to increase the number of nurses. It will also allow states to increase access to oral health care through dental workforce development grants. The Budget's new resources will sustain the expansion of the health care workforce funded in the Recovery Act.[41] There were 15.7 million health care professionals in the US as of 2011.[36]

In Canada, the 2011 federal budget announced a Canada Student Loan forgiveness program to encourage and support new family physicians, physician assistants, nurse practitioners and nurses to practice in underserved rural or remote communities of the country, including communities that provide health services to First Nations and Inuit populations.[42]

In Uganda, the Ministry of Health reports that as many as 50% of staffing positions for health workers in rural and underserved areas remain vacant. As of early 2011, the Ministry was conducting research and costing analyses to determine the most appropriate attraction and retention packages for medical officers, nursing officers, pharmacists, and laboratory technicians in the country's rural areas.[43]

At the international level, the World Health Organization estimates a shortage of almost 4.3 million doctors, midwives, nurses, and support workers worldwide to meet target coverage levels of essential primary health care interventions.[44] The shortage is reported most severe in 57 of the poorest countries, especially in sub-Saharan Africa.

Nurses are the most common type of medical field worker to face shortages around the world. There are numerous reasons that the nursing shortage occurs globally. Some include: inadequate pay, a large percentage of working nurses are over the age of 45 and are nearing retirement age, burnout, and lack of recognition.[45]

Incentive programs have been put in place to aid in the deficit of pharmacists and pharmacy students. The reason for the shortage of pharmacy students is unknown but one can infer that it is due to the level of difficulty in the program.[46]

Results of nursing staff shortages can cause unsafe staffing levels that lead to poor patient care. Five or more incidents that occur per day in a hospital setting as a result of nurses who do not receive adequate rest or meal breaks is a common issue.[47]

Regulation and registration

[edit]

Practicing without a license that is valid and current is typically illegal. In most jurisdictions, the provision of health care services is regulated by the government. Individuals found to be providing medical, nursing or other professional services without the appropriate certification or license may face sanctions and criminal charges leading to a prison term. The number of professions subject to regulation, requisites for individuals to receive professional licensure, and nature of sanctions that can be imposed for failure to comply vary across jurisdictions.

In the United States, under Michigan state laws, an individual is guilty of a felony if identified as practicing in the health profession without a valid personal license or registration. Health professionals can also be imprisoned if found guilty of practicing beyond the limits allowed by their licenses and registration. The state laws define the scope of practice for medicine, nursing, and a number of allied health professions.[48][unreliable source?] In Florida, practicing medicine without the appropriate license is a crime classified as a third degree felony,[49] which may give imprisonment up to five years. Practicing a health care profession without a license which results in serious bodily injury classifies as a second degree felony,[49] providing up to 15 years' imprisonment.

In the United Kingdom, healthcare professionals are regulated by the state; the UK Health and Care Professions Council (HCPC) protects the 'title' of each profession it regulates. For example, it is illegal for someone to call himself an Occupational Therapist or Radiographer if they are not on the register held by the HCPC.

See also

[edit]
  • List of healthcare occupations
  • Community health center
  • Chronic care management
  • Electronic superbill
  • Geriatric care management
  • Health human resources
  • Uniform Emergency Volunteer Health Practitioners Act

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "HCWs With Long COVID Report Doubt, Disbelief From Colleagues". Medscape. 29 November 2021.
  2. ^ World Health Organization, 2006. World Health Report 2006: working together for health. Geneva: WHO.
  3. ^ "Classifying health workers" (PDF). World Health Organization. Geneva. 2010. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2015-08-16. Retrieved 2016-02-13.
  4. ^ "Difference Between Psychologists and Psychiatrists". Psychology.about.com. 2007. Archived from the original on April 3, 2007. Retrieved March 4, 2007.
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  9. ^ Araujo de Carvalho, Islene; Epping-Jordan, JoAnne; Pot, Anne Margriet; Kelley, Edward; Toro, Nuria; Thiyagarajan, Jotheeswaran A; Beard, John R (2017-11-01). "Organizing integrated health-care services to meet older people's needs". Bulletin of the World Health Organization. 95 (11): 756–763. doi:10.2471/BLT.16.187617 (inactive 5 December 2024). ISSN 0042-9686. PMC 5677611. PMID 29147056.cite journal: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of December 2024 (link)
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  11. ^ "National Occupational Research Agenda for Healthcare and Social Assistance | NIOSH | CDC". www.cdc.gov. 2019-02-15. Retrieved 2019-03-14.
  12. ^ Bergman, Michael; Zhuang, Ziqing; Shaffer, Ronald E. (25 July 2013). "Advanced Headforms for Evaluating Respirator Fit". National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. Archived from the original on 16 January 2015. Retrieved 18 January 2015.
  13. ^ FitzGerald, Deirdre; Grainger, Rachel J.; Reid, Alex (2014). "Interventions for preventing the spread of infestation in close contacts of people with scabies". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2014 (2): CD009943. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD009943.pub2. ISSN 1469-493X. PMC 10819104. PMID 24566946.
  14. ^ Cunningham, Thomas; Burnett, Garrett (17 May 2013). "Does your workplace culture help protect you from hepatitis?". National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. Archived from the original on 18 January 2015. Retrieved 18 January 2015.
  15. ^ a b Reddy, Viraj K; Lavoie, Marie-Claude; Verbeek, Jos H; Pahwa, Manisha (14 November 2017). "Devices for preventing percutaneous exposure injuries caused by needles in healthcare personnel". Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2017 (11): CD009740. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD009740.pub3. PMC 6491125. PMID 29190036.
  16. ^ a b Verbeek, Jos H.; Rajamaki, Blair; Ijaz, Sharea; Sauni, Riitta; Toomey, Elaine; Blackwood, Bronagh; Tikka, Christina; Ruotsalainen, Jani H.; Kilinc Balci, F. Selcen (May 15, 2020). "Personal protective equipment for preventing highly infectious diseases due to exposure to contaminated body fluids in healthcare staff". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2020 (5): CD011621. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD011621.pub5. hdl:1983/b7069408-3bf6-457a-9c6f-ecc38c00ee48. ISSN 1469-493X. PMC 8785899. PMID 32412096. S2CID 218649177.
  17. ^ Sosa, Lynn E. (April 2, 2019). "Tuberculosis Screening, Testing, and Treatment of U.S. Health Care Personnel: Recommendations from the National Tuberculosis Controllers Association and CDC, 2019". MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. 68 (19): 439–443. doi:10.15585/mmwr.mm6819a3. PMC 6522077. PMID 31099768.
  18. ^ a b c d "Testing Health Care Workers | Testing & Diagnosis | TB | CDC". www.cdc.gov. March 8, 2021.
  19. ^ "Health Care Personnel (HCP) Baseline Individual TB Risk Assessment" (PDF). cdc.gov. Retrieved 18 September 2022.
  20. ^ "Signs & Symptoms | Basic TB Facts | TB | CDC". www.cdc.gov. February 4, 2021.
  21. ^ a b "Testing for TB Infection | Testing & Diagnosis | TB | CDC". www.cdc.gov. March 8, 2021.
  22. ^ "Guidelines for Preventing the Transmission of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in Health-Care Settings, 2005". www.cdc.gov.
  23. ^ Spoorthy, Mamidipalli Sai; Pratapa, Sree Karthik; Mahant, Supriya (June 2020). "Mental health problems faced by healthcare workers due to the COVID-19 pandemic–A review". Asian Journal of Psychiatry. 51: 102119. doi:10.1016/j.ajp.2020.102119. PMC 7175897. PMID 32339895.
  24. ^ Ruotsalainen, Jani H.; Verbeek, Jos H.; Mariné, Albert; Serra, Consol (2015-04-07). "Preventing occupational stress in healthcare workers". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2015 (4): CD002892. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD002892.pub5. ISSN 1469-493X. PMC 6718215. PMID 25847433.
  25. ^ "Exposure to Stress: Occupational Hazards in Hospitals". NIOSH Publication No. 2008–136 (July 2008). 2 December 2008. doi:10.26616/NIOSHPUB2008136. Archived from the original on 12 December 2008.
  26. ^ Canada's Health Care Providers, 2007 (Report). Ottawa: Canadian Institute for Health Information. 2007. Archived from the original on 2011-09-27.
  27. ^ Ruotsalainen, JH; Verbeek, JH; Mariné, A; Serra, C (7 April 2015). "Preventing occupational stress in healthcare workers". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2015 (4): CD002892. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD002892.pub5. PMC 6718215. PMID 25847433.
  28. ^ a b Hartley, Dan; Ridenour, Marilyn (12 August 2013). "Free On-line Violence Prevention Training for Nurses". National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. Archived from the original on 16 January 2015. Retrieved 15 January 2015.
  29. ^ a b Hartley, Dan; Ridenour, Marilyn (September 13, 2011). "Workplace Violence in the Healthcare Setting". NIOSH: Workplace Safety and Health. Medscape and NIOSH. Archived from the original on February 8, 2014.
  30. ^ Caruso, Claire C. (August 2, 2012). "Running on Empty: Fatigue and Healthcare Professionals". NIOSH: Workplace Safety and Health. Medscape and NIOSH. Archived from the original on May 11, 2013.
  31. ^ Di Mattei, Valentina; Perego, Gaia; Milano, Francesca; Mazzetti, Martina; Taranto, Paola; Di Pierro, Rossella; De Panfilis, Chiara; Madeddu, Fabio; Preti, Emanuele (2021-05-15). "The "Healthcare Workers' Wellbeing (Benessere Operatori)" Project: A Picture of the Mental Health Conditions of Italian Healthcare Workers during the First Wave of the COVID-19 Pandemic". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 18 (10): 5267. doi:10.3390/ijerph18105267. ISSN 1660-4601. PMC 8156728. PMID 34063421.
  32. ^ Sasaki, Natsu; Kuroda, Reiko; Tsuno, Kanami; Kawakami, Norito (2020-11-01). "The deterioration of mental health among healthcare workers during the COVID-19 outbreak: A population-based cohort study of workers in Japan". Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment & Health. 46 (6): 639–644. doi:10.5271/sjweh.3922. ISSN 0355-3140. PMC 7737801. PMID 32905601.
  33. ^ a b Pappa, Sofia; Ntella, Vasiliki; Giannakas, Timoleon; Giannakoulis, Vassilis G.; Papoutsi, Eleni; Katsaounou, Paraskevi (August 2020). "Prevalence of depression, anxiety, and insomnia among healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic: A systematic review and meta-analysis". Brain, Behavior, and Immunity. 88: 901–907. doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2020.05.026. PMC 7206431. PMID 32437915.
  34. ^ Cho, Hyeonmi; Pavek, Katie; Steege, Linsey (2020-07-22). "Workplace verbal abuse, nurse-reported quality of care and patient safety outcomes among early-career hospital nurses". Journal of Nursing Management. 28 (6): 1250–1258. doi:10.1111/jonm.13071. ISSN 0966-0429. PMID 32564407. S2CID 219972442.
  35. ^ Vento, Sandro; Cainelli, Francesca; Vallone, Alfredo (2020-09-18). "Violence Against Healthcare Workers: A Worldwide Phenomenon With Serious Consequences". Frontiers in Public Health. 8: 570459. doi:10.3389/fpubh.2020.570459. ISSN 2296-2565. PMC 7531183. PMID 33072706.
  36. ^ a b Collins, James W.; Bell, Jennifer L. (June 11, 2012). "Slipping, Tripping, and Falling at Work". NIOSH: Workplace Safety and Health. Medscape and NIOSH. Archived from the original on December 3, 2012.
  37. ^ Masterson, Elizabeth A.; Themann, Christa L.; Calvert, Geoffrey M. (2018-04-15). "Prevalence of Hearing Loss Among Noise-Exposed Workers Within the Health Care and Social Assistance Sector, 2003 to 2012". Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine. 60 (4): 350–356. doi:10.1097/JOM.0000000000001214. ISSN 1076-2752. PMID 29111986. S2CID 4637417.
  38. ^ Connor, Thomas H. (March 7, 2011). "Hazardous Drugs in Healthcare". NIOSH: Workplace Safety and Health. Medscape and NIOSH. Archived from the original on March 7, 2012.
  39. ^ World Health Organization. Women and health: today's evidence, tomorrow's agenda. Archived 2012-12-25 at the Wayback Machine Geneva, 2009. Retrieved on March 9, 2011.
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  41. ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Office of Management and Budget. Retrieved 2009-03-06 – via National Archives.
  42. ^ Government of Canada. 2011. Canada's Economic Action Plan: Forgiving Loans for New Doctors and Nurses in Under-Served Rural and Remote Areas. Ottawa, 22 March 2011. Retrieved 23 March 2011.
  43. ^ Rockers P et al. Determining Priority Retention Packages to Attract and Retain Health Workers in Rural and Remote Areas in Uganda. Archived 2011-05-23 at the Wayback Machine CapacityPlus Project. February 2011.
  44. ^ "The World Health Report 2006 - Working together for health". Geneva: WHO: World Health Organization. 2006. Archived from the original on 2011-02-28.
  45. ^ Mefoh, Philip Chukwuemeka; Ude, Eze Nsi; Chukwuorji, JohBosco Chika (2019-01-02). "Age and burnout syndrome in nursing professionals: moderating role of emotion-focused coping". Psychology, Health & Medicine. 24 (1): 101–107. doi:10.1080/13548506.2018.1502457. ISSN 1354-8506. PMID 30095287. S2CID 51954488.
  46. ^ Traynor, Kate (2003-09-15). "Staffing shortages plague nation's pharmacy schools". American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy. 60 (18): 1822–1824. doi:10.1093/ajhp/60.18.1822. ISSN 1079-2082. PMID 14521029.
  47. ^ Leslie, G. D. (October 2008). "Critical Staffing shortage". Australian Nursing Journal. 16 (4): 16–17. doi:10.1016/s1036-7314(05)80033-5. ISSN 1036-7314. PMID 14692155.
  48. ^ wiki.bmezine.com --> Practicing Medicine. In turn citing Michigan laws
  49. ^ a b CHAPTER 2004-256 Committee Substitute for Senate Bill No. 1118 Archived 2011-07-23 at the Wayback Machine State of Florida, Department of State.
[edit]
  • World Health Organization: Health workers

 

Human lower jaw viewed from the left

The jaws are a pair of opposable articulated structures at the entrance of the mouth, typically used for grasping and manipulating food. The term jaws is also broadly applied to the whole of the structures constituting the vault of the mouth and serving to open and close it and is part of the body plan of humans and most animals.

Arthropods

[edit]
The mandibles of a bull ant

In arthropods, the jaws are chitinous and oppose laterally, and may consist of mandibles or chelicerae. These jaws are often composed of numerous mouthparts. Their function is fundamentally for food acquisition, conveyance to the mouth, and/or initial processing (mastication or chewing). Many mouthparts and associate structures (such as pedipalps) are modified legs.

Vertebrates

[edit]

In most vertebrates, the jaws are bony or cartilaginous and oppose vertically, comprising an upper jaw and a lower jaw. The vertebrate jaw is derived from the most anterior two pharyngeal arches supporting the gills, and usually bears numerous teeth.

Jaws of a great white shark

Fish

[edit]
Moray eels have two sets of jaws: the oral jaws that capture prey and the pharyngeal jaws that advance into the mouth and move prey from the oral jaws to the esophagus for swallowing.

The vertebrate jaw probably originally evolved in the Silurian period and appeared in the Placoderm fish which further diversified in the Devonian. The two most anterior pharyngeal arches are thought to have become the jaw itself and the hyoid arch, respectively. The hyoid system suspends the jaw from the braincase of the skull, permitting great mobility of the jaws. While there is no fossil evidence directly to support this theory, it makes sense in light of the numbers of pharyngeal arches that are visible in extant jawed vertebrates (the Gnathostomes), which have seven arches, and primitive jawless vertebrates (the Agnatha), which have nine.

The original selective advantage offered by the jaw may not be related to feeding, but rather to increased respiration efficiency.[1] The jaws were used in the buccal pump (observable in modern fish and amphibians) that pumps water across the gills of fish or air into the lungs in the case of amphibians. Over evolutionary time the more familiar use of jaws (to humans), in feeding, was selected for and became a very important function in vertebrates. Many teleost fish have substantially modified jaws for suction feeding and jaw protrusion, resulting in highly complex jaws with dozens of bones involved.[2]

Amphibians, reptiles, and birds

[edit]

The jaw in tetrapods is substantially simplified compared to fish. Most of the upper jaw bones (premaxilla, maxilla, jugal, quadratojugal, and quadrate) have been fused to the braincase, while the lower jaw bones (dentary, splenial, angular, surangular, and articular) have been fused together into a unit called the mandible. The jaw articulates via a hinge joint between the quadrate and articular. The jaws of tetrapods exhibit varying degrees of mobility between jaw bones. Some species have jaw bones completely fused, while others may have joints allowing for mobility of the dentary, quadrate, or maxilla. The snake skull shows the greatest degree of cranial kinesis, which allows the snake to swallow large prey items.

Mammals

[edit]

In mammals, the jaws are made up of the mandible (lower jaw) and the maxilla (upper jaw). In the ape, there is a reinforcement to the lower jaw bone called the simian shelf. In the evolution of the mammalian jaw, two of the bones of the jaw structure (the articular bone of the lower jaw, and quadrate) were reduced in size and incorporated into the ear, while many others have been fused together.[3] As a result, mammals show little or no cranial kinesis, and the mandible is attached to the temporal bone by the temporomandibular joints. Temporomandibular joint dysfunction is a common disorder of these joints, characterized by pain, clicking and limitation of mandibular movement.[4] Especially in the therian mammal, the premaxilla that constituted the anterior tip of the upper jaw in reptiles has reduced in size; and most of the mesenchyme at the ancestral upper jaw tip has become a protruded mammalian nose.[5]

Sea urchins

[edit]

Sea urchins possess unique jaws which display five-part symmetry, termed the Aristotle's lantern. Each unit of the jaw holds a single, perpetually growing tooth composed of crystalline calcium carbonate.

See also

[edit]
  • Muscles of mastication
  • Otofacial syndrome
  • Predentary
  • Prognathism
  • Rostral bone

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Smith, M.M.; Coates, M.I. (2000). "10. Evolutionary origins of teeth and jaws: developmental models and phylogenetic patterns". In Teaford, Mark F.; Smith, Moya Meredith; Ferguson, Mark W.J. (eds.). Development, function and evolution of teeth. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 145. ISBN 978-0-521-57011-4.
  2. ^ Anderson, Philip S.L; Westneat, Mark (28 November 2006). "Feeding mechanics and bite force modelling of the skull of Dunkleosteus terrelli, an ancient apex predator". Biology Letters. pp. 77–80. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2006.0569. PMC 2373817. PMID 17443970. cite web: Missing or empty |url= (help)
  3. ^ Allin EF (December 1975). "Evolution of the mammalian middle ear". J. Morphol. 147 (4): 403–37. doi:10.1002/jmor.1051470404. PMID 1202224. S2CID 25886311.
  4. ^ Wright, Edward F. (2010). Manual of temporomandibular disorders (2nd ed.). Ames, Iowa: Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 978-0-8138-1324-0.
  5. ^ Higashiyama, Hiroki; Koyabu, Daisuke; Hirasawa, Tatsuya; Werneburg, Ingmar; Kuratani, Shigeru; Kurihara, Hiroki (November 2, 2021). "Mammalian face as an evolutionary novelty". PNAS. 118 (44): e2111876118. Bibcode:2021PNAS..11811876H. doi:10.1073/pnas.2111876118. PMC 8673075. PMID 34716275.
[edit]
  • Media related to Jaw bones at Wikimedia Commons
  • Jaw at the U.S. National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)

 

Frequently Asked Questions

Early orthodontic evaluation, typically recommended by age 7, helps identify potential dental issues and allows for timely intervention. This proactive approach can guide jaw growth, correct harmful oral habits, and improve facial symmetry.
Early treatment can prevent more severe problems from developing, reduce the need for extractions or surgery in the future, and optimize results by taking advantage of a childs natural growth processes.
Common signs include crooked or crowded teeth, difficulty chewing or biting, mouth breathing, thumb sucking after age 5, and misaligned jaws. A professional assessment will provide clarity on these issues.
Treatments may include space maintainers for lost baby teeth, palatal expanders to widen the upper jaw, partial braces to address specific alignment issues, and other appliances tailored to individual needs.
While generally safe under professional supervision, some risks include discomfort during adjustment periods and potential relapse if follow-up care is not diligently maintained. Regular check-ups help mitigate these concerns.